ADVANCED: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

NASA has developed an air traffic controller game called Sector 33 that’s available for iOS and Android devices. In this game, players see radar returns of airplanes and can control the planes within specific parameters. The game starts with two planes and gets more complicated as players progress. It can be downloaded from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/Sector33/iOS/index.html. Support files and lesson plans are available at http://smartskies.nasa.gov/lineup/index.html.

Before participants play Sector 33, review D = RT and discuss different scenarios. If participants want both planes to reach their points within a target time, solve for T to get D/R = D/R. On the screen, distance is marked, rate is variable, and time is a goal (i.e., the player has to get the two planes to the goal within a specific, maximum amount of time). Sometimes there is weather (lightning) preventing participants from sending a plane on a certain path. This is not a guessing game; it’s a thinking game and an excellent way for Explorers to understand what an air traffic controller does.

If participants don’t have access to iOS or Android devices but do have access to a computer with internet access, have them go to ATC-SIM (http://www.atc-sim.com/) and try their hand at being an air traffic controller. ATC-SIM gives excellent insight into what air traffic controllers do to route arriving and departing aircraft both safely and accurately.

A nondigital activity that gives participants a flavor of airport operations and communication is to simulate an airport with airplanes navigating toward it. Set up an “airport” by using sidewalk chalk or duct tape to mark runways. Decide what direction the prevailing winds come from and align the “runway” accordingly. Set out a wind sock and label the runways using a compass. (If there is enough time, have the participants help you set it up to reinforce information about prevailing winds, runway numbering, and reading a compass.)

Give each participant a map of the area (hand-drawn is fine), a walkie-talkie, a compass, a call sign, and a starting point somewhere out of sight of the “airport.” With the Advisor acting as the air traffic controller, have two or three “airplanes” at a time navigate to the “airport” using compass directions. Allow the “planes” to hover at any intersection, waiting for the next instruction, rather than flying in whatever direction they choose. This will slow things down. Once the “airplanes” find the airport, decide which runway is active based on wind direction. Have them fly the pattern and “land” their plane on the appropriate runway.

This activity can be done on sidewalks, through buildings, and up or down stairs (increasing or decreasing altitude), etc. You might also be able to use smartphones instead of compasses (download a compass app), and might be able to have some sort of public walkie-talkie system using phones instead of actual walkie-talkies.

After all the “planes” have landed, initiate a discussion using the following questions:

• What was difficult about this activity?
• If the controller told you to “make a right turn to 270,” what would that mean for you right now? (Everyone should end up facing the same direction, regardless of where they were standing. Some would turn more than others, depending on their starting direction.)
• What was unrealistic about this activity? (Planes don’t hover, so you have to give the controller some lead time when making requests. Also, the pace was slower than in real life.)
• What do you think would happen if there was no space available for building a runway that faces the right direction for the prevailing winds? Do you think there are airports like that in the world? (Yes, there are. It means that often pilots are faced with a crosswind on takeoff or landing. Depending on how strong the winds are, some planes might not be able to land or take off on certain days.)

Victor airways are low-altitude airways that run from one VOR station to the next. Using these airways helps air traffic controllers coordinate airplane traffic.

In a large hangar, schoolyard, or gymnasium, place traffic cones to represent VOR stations. Create and hand out a generic paper map of the VORs. The Advisor acts as the air traffic controller and helps the aircraft navigate to a specific place.

A helpful display is a Low Altitude Enroute Chart to show participants what victor airways look like for pilots. These are available online at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/ifr/. While looking at the chart and pointing from one airport to another, ask: How would you get from here to here, using the airways? They don’t need to name the airways if it’s too hard to see on the screen. Simply tracing a route will help participants understand that pilots often don’t fly directly in a straight line to a destination. This is particularly true for IFR operations.